In Excavation and Trenching Safety, safety engineering expert James Umack, writes:
Excavation and trenching may present substantial risk of injury to person working in the excavation or adjacent to the edge. Safety guidelines have been developed through years of experience working with and in excavation. Many of these guidelines have been adopted by OSHA and have been made mandatory for all trenching and excavating activities.
Permits
Many jurisdictions require a permit before commencing large excavation activities to ensure the safety not only of the workers but also of the community. The permit notifies the regulatory agency of the excavation activity and requires the organization doing the digging to place a competent and knowledgeable person in charge of the dig. The permit may be specific for a single excavation or may be issued on an annual basis for a firm that does many excavations.

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